What is the difference between hpv and chlamydia

Women who get regular Pap smears detect precancerous cells early while it's still easy to treat. Herpes Herpes is a painful, recurrent infection for only a small minority of those infected. For others, herpes is an occasional skin disease, and many don't have outbreaks at all. The age group that presented the highest frequency of cytological changes was between years-old.

This age series is believed to be the time at which the early manifestations of cervical cancer occur, confirming the importance of preventive exams Murta et al. Factors associated with Pap smear for the prevention of cervical cancer in a low income urban community. Cad Saude Colet The prevalence of cytological changes observed in the present study may be considered high Rev Gaucha Enferm Nevertheless, the prevalence of cytological changes seems to vary across geographical regions, which are covered under different approaches to screening programs.

In addition, in some Brazilian states, especially in the South and Northeast regions, such initiatives are allegedly far too infrequent Correa et al. Cad Saude Publica It should be stressed that the samples analysed in the present study were collected from follow-up patients, who may have been more prone to manifesting the changes diagnosed. Furthermore, the fact that the participants with a record of changes or infections were more motivated to take part in this research, increasing the frequency of changes observed, should not be ruled out.

Conventional cytology was originally developed and is presently used as a routine screening method to detect cervical changes and precursor lesions to cervical cancer Og et al. Sensitivity of a Papanicolaou smear in the diagnosis of Candida albicans infection of the cervix.

N Am J Med Sci 2: Further, exfoliative cytology does not provide good sensitivity levels and therefore other techniques are employed, mainly molecular methods. Of the patients with negative diagnosis of intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, A screening effort carried out in demonstrated the prevalence of Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 7: The same study revealed that in South America this prevalence was as high as This finding draws attention to the possibility to detect HPV before it causes any cytological lesion, in which case patients may be more suitably followed up Entiauspe et al.

Rev Soc Bras Med Trop A review of methods for detect human papillomavirus infection. Virol J 9: High oncogenic risk HPV genotypes may infect the epithelium persistently, inducing lesion progression and contributing to carcinogenesis. Human papillomavirus and cancer: the epidemiological evidence. J Clin Virol Presence of E6 and E7 mRNA from human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 in the majority of cervical carcinomas.

J Clin Microbiol Burden and trends of type-specific human papillomavirus infections and related diseases in the Latin America and Caribbean region. Vaccine L1-L Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in low-grade cervical lesions: comparison by geographic region and with cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev It is important to note that the technique used for genotyping has a limitation with regard to the detection of the genotype HPV 39, which has low agreement with the PapiloCheck technique; however, all samples with HPV 39 were analysed and repeated using the technique MCHA.

In a study carried out in southern Brazil, Entiauspe et al. HPV 16 was also highly prevalent in the population examined in the present study. Besides, it is the main genotype detected in squamous carcinomas Oliveira-Silva et al. Human papillomavirus in Brazilian women with and without cervical lesions. Virol J 8: Interestingly, HPV 18 is among the most prevalent genotype worldwide, though in the samples analysed in the present study it was comparatively less common than other genotypes and was never detected as sole genotype in any of the patients examined.

Rev Bras Enferm Relevant findings of the present study include the simultaneous presence of more than one HPV genotype in the same sample and the association of these genotypes with the diagnosis of cytological changes.

Here, the presence of one genotype is more prevalent in LSIL cases, while higher-grade lesions were characterised by multiple HPV genotypes. This reveals the importance of identifying the HPV type, since a mere positive or negative result does not afford such analysis of the HPV genotype present in the sample.

Another important aspect is the possibility that the presence of more than one viral type indicates exposure of a patient to a risk factor. Previous studies have shown that infection with multiple HPV genotypes increases the risk of intraepithelial lesions, though the prevalence of these multiple genotype infections did not vary across the different intraepithelial lesion stages Schimitt et al. Multiple human papillomavirus infections with high viral loads are associated with cervical lesions but do not differentiate grades of cervical abnormalities.

Only 5. These samples may be considered positive for low risk HPV or positive for other high-risk HPV genotypes that are not detected by the probes used.

These pathogens cause inflammatory processes and epithelial lesions, worsening the picture concerning virus lodging and persistence Entiauspe et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in Amazonian women with normal and abnormal cytology.

BMC Public Health. HPV-chlamydial Coinfection, prevalence, and association with cervical intraepithelial lesions: a pilot study at Mbarara regional referral hospital. J Cancer Epidemiol. Circulation of human papillomavirus HPV genotypes in women from Cordoba, Argentina, with squamous intraepithelial lesions. Oral Human Papillomavirus: a multisite infection. Association of abnormal cervical cytology with coinfection of human papillomavirus and chlamydia trachomatis.

Prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of chlamydia trachomatis in a population of women in Posadas, Misiones. Rev Esp Quimioter. Prevalence, risk factors and molecular characterization of chlamydia trachomatis in pregnant women from Cordoba, Argentina: a prospective study.

Gupta S, Gupta S. Role of human papillomavirus in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders: a review of the literature. Indian J Dent. HPV infection in the oral cavity: epidemiology, clinical manifestations and relationship with oral cancer.

Oral Implantol. Infect Agents Cancer. Download references. Mosmann, A. Kiguen, R. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. JPM contributed with samples processing, data analysis and to the writing of the manuscript. CGC and OR designed the study, revised and approved the article to be submitted. The author s read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to J.

All patients included in the study, signed an informed consent form. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.

If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and Permissions. Mosmann, J. Human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis in oral and genital mucosa of women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology. BMC Infect Dis 21, Download citation. Received : 01 February Accepted : 26 April Published : 05 May Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research Open Access Published: 05 May Human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis in oral and genital mucosa of women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology J.

Zayas 3 , A. Kiguen 1 , R. Venezuela 1 , O. Study design The cross-sectional study included swabs, oral and cervical from 50 women with normal and 50 with abnormal cervical cytology. Conclusions Since the histology of oral mucosa resembles that of the uterine cervix, we can anticipate the presence of HPV and other STI which are detected in different lesions of genital areas and the oral mucosa.

The median age at marriage was 17 yr range yr , at first coitus 18 yr range yr and at first pregnancy 20 yr range yr. Oral contraceptive pill OCP use was reported by 47 No woman was positive for HIV. Risk factors for cervical neoplasia : Of the women, Twenty nine 4. CT-HPV co-infection was found in only four women 0. Ten 1. Among the cytology negative subjects excluding the inadequate smears , a majority were negative for both CT and HPV infection , Only 47 Of the 48 subjects with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion HSIL , 40 Among the 41 CIN1 cases, a majority 28, One of these patients was infected with both organisms.

Association of C. Genital Chlamydia infection is a proposed co-factor. Its action in cervical dysplasia and neoplasia has been attributed to epithelial damage allowing easier HPV virion entry, inflammatory state leading to high levels of reactive oxygen species, initiation of cell division and metaplasia and reduction of host cell-mediated immunity.

In their multicentric study, Smith et al 6 reported an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer in CT seropositive women after adjustment for age, study-center, oral contraceptive use, history of Pap smears, number of full-term pregnancies and HSV2 seropositivity.

CT infection leads to persistence of HPV infection 21 , Concurrent infection with C. While conventional culture is relatively sensitive and highly specific for CT detection, it is labour intensive and not suitable for screening large numbers. Further, widely varying techniques are followed in different institutions for specimen collection, storage, transport to tissue culture conditions and culture medium.

Other methods for diagnosis developed over the past few years, include direct immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassays, DNA probe techniques and molecular diagnostics, e.

PCR, ligase chain reaction and transcription-mediated amplification. Gridner et al 24 reported sensitivity and specificity of The sensitivity of CT culture in the same study was Similar test performance was reported from other studies 23 , In establishing CT infection as a cofactor of HPV in the development of cervical neoplasia we hoped to achieve a possible simple solution to one of the risk factors.

The women in our study were symptomatic women expected to have a higher frequency of CIN. The CT positivity was 4. This may be because our sample did not include women younger than 30 yr of age, an age group that has a higher prevalence of Chlamydia infection, possibly because of greater sexual activity. However, this trend may vary with women's education and prevalent socio-cultural practices, especially relevant in the Indian context. The CT positivity rates in the present study were similar to those reported from high-risk populations in other countries: 4.

Highest positivity was observed in youngest age group of yr. Singh et al 30 in their study on symptomatic women reported CT prevalence rate 28 per cent in women aged yr using plasmid PCR, but only 3. The rate of hrHPV and CT co-infection in our symptomatic study sample was correspondingly low, only 0.

CT positivity has been reported in per cent of hrHPV positive samples 9 , A majority of the CT infected women had benign cytology.

CT positivity in CIN was 5.