What is the difference between the sender receiver and the co construction models of communication

There may be obstacles in the communication process, or noise. Noise refers to any interference in the channel or distortion of the message. This is a fairly simple model in which a message is simply passed from sender to receiver. While the linear model was highly influential during the midth century, this model is perhaps too simple. Its limitations are easy to see if you pause to think about the beliefs about communication, or assumptions, made in this model.

First, this model assumes that communication only goes in one direction. Here, a person can be a sender or receiver, but not both. This is problematic because communication in action is more dynamic than the linear model suggests. This model is also limited because it provides only one channel for only one message. Finally, it implies that messages themselves are clear-cut with a distinct beginning and a distinct end.

However, communication is rarely, if ever, as neat and tidy as a linear model would suggest. Interactional Models. In the move to a more dynamic view of communication, interactional models follow two channels in which communication and feedback flow between sender and receiver. Feedback is simply a response that a receiver gives to a sender.

Feedback can be verbal i. Most importantly, feedback indicates comprehension. It can help senders know if their message was received and understood.

By focusing on flow and feedback, interactional models view communication as an ongoing process. The final feature of this model is the field of experience. The field of experience refers to how environment, experiences, culture, and even heredity can influence how a sender constructs a message. Keep in mind that each person brings a unique field of experience to an interaction. Likewise, each communication interaction is unique.

While the interactional model is more dynamic than the linear model, it still contains some limitations. For instance, this model implies that while people can be both senders and receivers, they cannot do so simultaneously. In lived communication, roles are not quite so clear-cut and in fact are much more fluid. Transactional Models. The transactional is the most dynamic of communication models. One notable feature of this model is the move from referring to people as senders and receivers to referring to people as communicators.

This implies that communication is achieved as people both send and receive messages. Fundamentally, this model views communication as a transaction. In other words, communication is a cooperative action in which communicators co-create the process, outcome and effectiveness of the interaction. Unlike the linear model in which meaning is sent from one person to another, also unlike the interactional model in which understanding is achieved through feedback, people create shared meaning in a more dynamic process in the transactional model.

This model also places more emphasis on the field of experience. While each communicator has a unique field of experience, they must also inhabit a shared field of experience. In other words, communicators must share at least some degree of overlap in culture, language, or environment if people are to communicate at all.

This model also recognizes that messages will influence the responses, or subsequent messages, produced in the communication interaction. This means that messages do not stand alone, but instead are interrelated. The principle of interrelation states that messages are connected to and build upon one another.

The transactional model forms the basis for much communication theory because 1 people are viewed as dynamic communicators rather than simple senders or receivers, 2 there must be some overlap in fields of experience in order to build shared meaning, and 3 messages are interdependent. There are many valuable online resources for communication students. The following are just a few you can use.

But remember, these are to be considered starting points for detailed references and not the primary sources. It is always best to use the original. The transactional understanding of shared meaning has informed variety of communication theories. In general terms, a theory comprises a way of seeing, interpreting, and explaining. A theory is a framework for understanding. It illuminates social practices and helps to make sense of the everyday life-world.

Think about a theory as an optic or a technology that enhances vision. Just as there are many different communication theories, there are also many different visual technologies. Sunglasses, contacts, or even virtual reality goggles each us help to see in a certain way. For instance, when you put on a pair of glasses, it will cause you to see in a particular way, focusing things near or far depending on the type of lens.

In this way, every different theory will require a different way of seeing the world of communication. The most important part of this metaphor is that a particular theory will bring specific aspects of communication into focus yet may blur others.

As you work through this book, pay attention to the ways in which a particular perspective illuminates certain elements while leaving others in shadow. Also think about how exploring different theories will provide a more comprehensive look at communication while also allowing you to select those that will be of greatest use for your interests in communication studies.

Theories of Meaning and Representation. Focus: Relationships between signs, meanings, and language systems. Semiotics or semiology is the study of signs. In its most basic definition, a sign is anything that carries meaning.

In this sense, a sign represents or stands for something other than itself. Semiotics was pioneered by the French philosopher. Ferdinand de Saussure Saussure studied signs scientifically by breaking them down into two parts: a signifier and a signified. A signifier is the actual form of the sign. It may appear as words, images, sounds, etc. For example, as a signifier, the word rose designates a particular flower.

The image in Table 1. These are examples of signifiers, or the form that a sign may take. In contrast, a signified is the meaning that is associated with the form of the signifier. The signified is the meaning that is triggered in your head when you think of the red rose. Think for a moment. What does a red rose signify? In many cultures, a red rose signifies passion, whereas a yellow rose signifies friendship.

Passion or friendship , as a conceptual meaning, is the signified. Signifieds are mental representations. Conceptual maps provide a common reference point that enable people to interpret and understand one another.

Table 1. If a sign consists of both a signifier and a signified, what, then, is the relationship between them? The relationship between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary. In other words, there is no necessary connection between a signifier and a signified.

There may be a connection between the parts of a sign, but the connection is socially, not naturally, determined. In this sense, there is nothing inherent in the colour yellow that connects it to friendship. According to semiotics, all meanings are associations. Another example of the arbitrary relationship between signifier and signified can be found in the word tree.

As an English language signifier, tree designates a plant with a wooden trunk, branches, and leaves. Arbre is the French signifier. The same signified can have many different signifiers.

Here, the use of different languages also points out that there is no inherent connection between a signifier and a signified. Meanings are associations that are culturally determined. Furthermore, meanings are always relational. We understand meaning based on similarities to and differences from other signs within a system of signs. Take for example a traffic light.

Hall explains that in part, this is understood through difference; go is not stop just as green is not red. This is a symbolic connection.

Figure 1. Scholars who study semiotics are interested in both symbolic difference and symbolic association. They study how the placement of signs constructs connections between otherwise unassociated meanings. One of the main areas in which the concept of semiotic association is applied lies in the critique of advertisements. Take for example advertisements for beer. In print, online, and on television, beer ads often use images of slender, beautiful, sexually available women.

Visually, these ads juxtapose images of sexuality with images of alcohol. By surrounding signs for alcohol with signs of sexuality, a semiotic association is created between the alcohol and sexual satisfaction. In fact, scholars such as Berger suggest that consumers never actually purchase the advertised products, but instead consumers purchase the ideas, or associated meanings, present in the advertising image.

Using the concept of semiotic association, Berger argues that consumers purchase the promise of sexual satisfaction rather than the actual, particular brand of beer. Semiotics also offers a detailed vocabulary for understanding and differentiating signs.

Much of this vocabulary was developed by 20th century American philosopher C. He developed definitions and charted the differences between different types of signs. He defined an iconic sign as one that bears a resemblance to what is depicted. A photograph of a rose is considered an iconic sign because it bears a resemblance to a rose Table 1.

Likewise, a drawing of a rose is also iconic Table 1. Symbolic signs, like traffic lights discussed above have no necessary relationship between signifier and signified. Symbolic signs carry arbitrary meaning. Finally, unlike a symbolic sign, an indexical sign holds an inherent relationship between a sign and its meaning.

For example, if you were to see smoke coming from a mountain ridge, it would indicate that there is a fire. In this sense, it can be said that smoke indexes fire. The semiotic tradition has had a tremendous impact on larger theories of representation. According to Hall, 1 representation is a central communication process by which people make and share meanings, and 2 language is a significant system of representation.

Hall explained this concept in three major approaches, or paradigms, of representation: Reflective, Intentional, and Constituitive. First, the Reflective Paradigm draws upon the metaphor of a mirror. In this view, language functions like a mirror to reflect meanings that exist in objects and in the environment.

A key assumption to this approach is that there is one true and unchanging meaning present in an object. Here, meaning is a product of the object itself. However, the Reflective Paradigm is problematic because it focuses on meanings that are simply and objectively observed by people rather than the meanings that are created and exchanged between people.

The second approach is the Intentional Paradigm. An author imposes his or her unique meaning on an audience through the use of language. It is important to keep in mind that while as individual speakers or authors, we each use language to convey unique messages; there is no guarantee that a message will be heard or understood as intended.

One of the problems with the intentional approach to representation is that there is no way to account for the fact that different listeners or readers may interpret a sentence, poem, or even a work of art differently. Finally, Hall explains the constituitive paradigm. Developing the semiotic standpoint, he states that objects, people, and things in and of themselves do not carry meaning.

Instead, human beings construct meaning for the environment, events, and objects. This paradigm is closely associated with social constructionism, or the view that reality is a product of communication. How reality is understood at a given social, historical moment is determined by the conventions of communication unique to that moment. Simply put, reality is socially constructed through ongoing and interconnected patterns of representation. To be clear, constructionists do not deny the physical existence of the world.

Instead, they argue that the physical world does not exist meaningfully until it has been represented. Constructionists also recognize that signs always have a material dimension. For instance, there is a material quality to images or letters on paper or as digital impulses on screen or that sounds arise from vocal chords to form speech. The key difference for constructionists lies in that the material world does not present itself objectively to human beings.

Rather, we come to know and to understand only through our communication with others. Systems and Interactional Theories. Focus: Relationships between social structures and social interaction. General Systems Theory.

Systems themselves are collections of different elements that work together to form a cohesive unit. GST is applied in a variety of different fields from technology and natural sciences to social sciences.

In communication studies, GST has a range of applications, especially in interpersonal and organizational settings. In this view, families and corporations are perfect examples of systems. They are each made up of different elements such as members of a family or divisions of a corporation that interact to form a single unit, or system. GST focuses on how an individual system structures the communication within that system. An object refers to the parts of a system.

Objects may be members of a family or divisions of a corporation, as noted above. Attributes refer to the qualities of the objects. For instance, individual characteristics or personalities are attributes.

Most importantly, the interaction among the objects forms a series of relationships. Relationships tie the individual objects in a system together.

In addition to objects, attributes, and relationships, other fundamental properties of open systems include: wholeness, interdependence, nonsummativity, equifinality, feedback, and circularity. Wholeness refers to the idea that any one part of the system cannot be understood on its own, but only in relation to the other parts of the system. Systems cannot be understood as pieces, but only as a unit. Secondly, the parts of a system are interdependent. The concept of wholeness implies that if there is a change or disruption in one part of the system, it will affect the whole system.

Nonsummativity names the idea that a system is irreducible. In other words, a system is always more than the sum of its parts. What are the main roles that are typically assumed by AAC finders, facilitators, specialists, and experts? Feb 24 AM. Sadanandam A answered on February 26, Do you need an answer to a question different from the above?

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Race refers to groups of people who are distinguished by shared physical characteristics, such as skin color and hair type. Culture refers to the customs, habits, and value systems of groups of people.

When considering both gender and cultural contexts, we often encounter bias, both intentional and unintentional, and implicit or explicit. We may have presumptive judgments or opinions about those cultures and races that differ from our own, which are often the result of our own upbringing. And as much as you might be biased toward or against certain gender and cultural groups, your audience will have just as much bias as you, and in different ways.

Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Introduction to Public Speaking. Search for:. Elements of Speech Communication. Speaker The speaker is one of the key elements of the basic speech communication model. Learning Objectives Define the speaker in the basic speech communication model. Key Takeaways Key Points Speech communication, in its simplest form, consists of a sender, a message and a recipient. The speaker and sender are synonymous. The speaker is the initiator of communication.

Effective speakers are those who can most clearly delivery their message to their recipients. Key Terms sender : someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel; the initiator of communication. A sender is someone who encodes and sends a message to a receiver through a particular channel.

The sender is the initiator of communication. Message The message is the most important and instrinsic element of all speech communication models. Learning Objectives Define the message of the basic speech communication model. Key Takeaways Key Points With regard to public speaking, your speech is your message. Your audience, the receiver, may send you a message in response to your message in the form of feedback.

Messages consist of both verbal and non-verbal elements. Your words and how you deliver them equally make up the balance of your message. Key Terms message : A communication, or what is communicated; any concept or information conveyed. Channel The channel is the method auditory and visual that is used to transmit the message to the receiver.

Learning Objectives Give examples of auditory and visual channels used in public speaking. Key Takeaways Key Points In a face-to-face setting, the channel will be primarily audio and visual; in a speaking situation with remote audience via videoconferencing, the channel will be computer mediated audio and visual.

When the speaker and the audience are in the same room at the same time, the channels of communication are synchronous. When listeners receive the speech at some time after the speech was delivered, the channels are asynchronous that is, in delayed time.

Key Terms mediated : Acting or brought about through an intervening agency. The most common channels humans use are audtiory and visual. Audience Your audience represents one very important third in the basic model of communication. Learning Objectives Analyze your audience based on demographics. Your audience may share commonalities and characteristics known as demographics. You should never stereotype or generalize your audience by their demographics, but you can use them to inform the language, context, and delivery of your speech.

Audience demographics to consider include age, culture, race, gender, education, occupation, values, and morals. Key Terms audience : A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.

Feedback: Visual and Verbal Cues Your audience can provide you with immediate feedback; pay attention to the visual and verbal cues they give you in the moment. Learning Objectives Define feedback and describe how you can receive audience feedback in the moment. Key Takeaways Key Points An advanced model of communication includes a sender, a message, a receiver, a channel and feedback.

Feedback represents a message of response sent by the receiver back to the sender. Feedback happens in realtime as your audience provides you with visual and verbal cues in response to your speech.

Learning Objectives Identify methods to cut down on internal and external noise and interference. Key Takeaways Key Points Noise exists in all aspects of communication, thus, no message is received exactly as the sender intends despite his or her best efforts because of the ever-presence of noise in communication.

Noise can be both external and internal. External noise often relates to your physical environment, such as a noisy room, as well as your physiological state. Internal noise includes psychological and semantic noise, and is how you prevent yourself from effectively delivering your message. To combat external noise, speak louder or see if you can be amplified in some way.

Alternatively, see if the source of the noise can be stopped or lowered. To triumph over internal noise, take a few deep breaths before speaking. Breathe out all of the negative self-doubt and anxieties you may have about speaking. Inhale confidence. Key Terms noise : Various sounds, usually unwanted.

Presentation How you deliver your speech presentation may be just as important as the speech itself. Learning Objectives Demonstrate how to appropriately present yourself when giving a speech. Your verbal communication, in how you phrase and intone your actual words, is vital to building auditory interest for your audience. Try to play with the pitch and tone of your speech; avoid speaking in monotone.

From gesture to posture, your non-verbal communication via your body language also adds visual depth and engagement for your audience. Maintain eye contact. Make your audience feel comfortable by being comfortable in front of them.

Key Terms non-verbal communication : Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless mostly visual cues between people. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contact.